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Referenced as a famous translation of Nahuatl texts about the conquest, with the title coming from a phrase in a Nahuatl lament. The hosts note that 'broken spears' is actually a mistranslation and should be 'shattered bones.'

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Described as a 'wonderful book' that discusses the mistranslation of 'broken spears' in a footnote. Referenced multiple times throughout the episode for its insights on how life continued for indigenous people after the conquest and how people didn't necessarily recognize the historical significance of events as they happened.

Context:

Referenced as an author who emphasizes what he sees as the near genocidal approach of the Spaniards. His book about Moctezuma meeting Cortez is specifically mentioned as giving 'a terrifying portrait' of the conquest's horrors. Also credited with the phrase 'armed entrepreneurs' to describe conquistadors. Described as wanting to remove glamour and melodrama from the conquest narrative.

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Referenced as an author who takes an opposing view to Matthew Restall, being 'very keen to dispel what he sees as the black legend' - the Protestant-influenced portrayal of Spanish conquistadors as uniquely greedy, rapacious and sadistic.

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Referred to as Cortez's former secretary who wrote a memoir about him, described as 'a mad hagiography' and 'total hagiography' that presented Cortez in an overly favorable light, even generating criticism at the time of publication.